{"id":1998,"date":"2021-09-14T13:55:45","date_gmt":"2021-09-14T12:55:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.djoglobal.eu\/blog_eu\/?p=1998"},"modified":"2023-04-18T15:54:52","modified_gmt":"2023-04-18T14:54:52","slug":"does-functional-knee-bracing-cause-muscle-atrophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/enovis-medtech.eu\/blog_eu\/?p=1998","title":{"rendered":"Does functional knee bracing cause muscle atrophy?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Functional bracing is a conservative treatment that involves the wearing of an orthotic brace in order to protect a joint and\/or increase stability following an injury.1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite their widespread use, it is claimed that long-term use of these functional orthoses may also cause muscular atrophy and reduction in muscle strength.2<\/sup> As a result, some physical therapists, athletic trainers, and health practitioners are reluctant to recommend functional braces due to a perception that they cause weakness in the surrounding muscle.3,4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

While a complete review of the current literature would be necessary to find evidence of braces causing muscle atrophy, many recent studies demonstrate that rather than contributing to weaker muscles, bracing instead helps muscles to be more active.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

What is muscle atrophy and how does it occur?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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The term \u201cmuscle atrophy\u201d refers to the loss of muscle tissue. Muscle atrophy occurs in response to a variety of stressors, including decreases in external loading and neural activation, which is often referred to as disuse.5 <\/sup>Disuse often occurs in clinical settings following limb immobilization and bed rest, resulting in significant loss of muscle mass and force production. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The extent of muscle atrophy under disuse conditions is variable and dependent on a variety of factors including age, the physiological function and fiber type composition of the muscle, and the degree of unloading and inactivity. Studies have shown that muscle volume can reduce by as much as 5.5% in just 7 days.6<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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How bracing can support the OA knee without making the muscles weaker<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful condition that can lead to a reduction in physical activity. Knee OA braces relieve pressure on the affected joint and help the patient stay mobile, but is there a risk of associated muscle loss? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rather than finding evidence of knee OA bracing causing muscle atrophy, a number of studies instead showed that it actually helps improve muscle strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a 1997 study by Matsuno et al., 17 of 20 subjects receiving brace treatment for severe medial knee OA showed improvement of symptoms and function while also increasing quadriceps strength.7<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Girija et al. (2010), found that in a group of 28 subjects, after 4 weeks of wearing an OA knee brace and lateral wedge, there was an improvement in isokinetic concentric peak torque of quadriceps and hamstrings, reducing pain and functional status.8<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OA bracing was shown to have neuromuscular retraining benefits for 10 patients who took part in Johnson et al.\u2019s 2012 study.9<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hurley et al. (2012), found that increased brace use over a 6-month period does not result in muscle impairment, and even found evidence of significant improvement in hamstrings strength.10<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Larson et al.\u2019s 2013 study, results showing increased weight acceptance and ability to be able to push off with more power suggest that the OA brace worn by the subjects, by redistributing the loading forces in the knee, aided the strengthening of muscles in the leg.11<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

And finally, Callaghan et al. (2016), showed a flexible patellofemoral knee support did not have an adverse effect on quadriceps maximum voluntary contraction in participants with patellofemoral joint (PFJ) OA, and also that it significantly improved arthrogenous muscle inhibition (AMI). This indicates that individuals with knee PFJ OA may consider using a flexible knee support without concern that this type of device will impair muscle strength or activation.12<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can bracing promote muscle activity in patients with patellofemoral pain or ACL injuries?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Proprioception is the body\u2019s ability to sense its own location, movement, and actions. This ability can be impaired in patients with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research has shown that improving proprioception with bracing also improves neuromuscular control, dynamic stability, and muscle activation in patients with ACL injuries and in patellofemoral pain (PFP) patients. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In PFP patients, the vastus medialis, which is one of the four muscles that comprise the quadriceps, commonly displays atrophy.13<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Sker et al. (2017), showed long-term wearing of patellar bracing increases electromyography activity of vastus medialis during mid-stance and late stance and preswing sub-phases of gait.14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additionally, K\u00f6lle et al.\u2019s 2020 study demonstrated that patellofemoral bracing results in an immediate decrease of pain, an earlier onset of vastus medialis and inverted vastus medialis\/vastus lateralis ratio, and altered knee kinematics.15<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In their 1997 study of skiers using functional knee braces following ACL injuries, N\u00e9meth et al. found that skiing with a DonJoy Defiance brace<\/strong> caused increased proprioceptive input resulting in higher EMG activity level of the dynamic knee stabilizers and adapted motor patterns contributing to increased active knee stability.16<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

And Ramsey et al.\u2019s 2003 results indicate joint stability may result from proprioceptive feedback rather than the mechanical stabilizing effect of the brace.17<\/sup> None of these studies suggest evidence of ACL or patellofemoral bracing causing muscle atrophy, and instead show it helps the body\u2019s ability to stabilize itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In summary, these studies conclude that functional bracing does not cause muscle atrophy<\/strong>. In fact, they show that muscles are more active with functional bracing, and more active muscles mean less atrophy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are the key ways in which bracing helps muscles to be more active, and patients to lead more active lifestyles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n